Masoomeh Simbar, Fatemeh Abdi, Farzaneh Zaheri, Pooran Mokhtari, Tahmineh Dadkhah Tehrani, Roonak Shahoi,
Volume 2, Issue 1 (5-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objective: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Female genital mutilation (FGM) involves the withdrawal or damage to a part or all of the external genitalia of women without a medical reason. According to the WHO, 100 to 140 million girls and women worldwide are circumcised and in various studies, the numerous consequences of this action are mentioned. In this review, we investigated the studies on the outcomes of FGM.
Method: In this study, the results of studies on the effects of FGM between years 2013 – 2003 in PubMed, Medline, Cochran library, Cinahl, Emro, WHO, Iranmedex and SID databases were investigated. In order to gather the information, first, articles that had one of the following keywords in their text (cutting / female genital mutilation, Infibulations, Female circumcision) either alone or with words Obstetrics / Gynecologic Consequence Psychiatric consequence health outcome, were searched and at the end a sum of 74 articles were collected.
Results: FGM is accompanied with complications, such as infection, painful intercourse, frequent urination, constant bleeding, painful menstruation, infection during pregnancy, and possibility of developing hepatitis and infertility in women. But since only few case-control studies have been conducted on investigating these effects in different countries, it›s not possible to deduce from some complications associated with FGM.
Conclusion: FGM is one of the manifestations of human rights violations and violence against women and girls who have the right to have a healthy body. Despite the global efforts, there are still areas of the world that respect this tradition, Thus stronger and more serious measures to stop such actions are strongly suggested.
Dr Jahangir Karami, Dr Kamran Yazdanbakhsh, Parvaneh Karimi,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (5-2017)
Abstract
Background & Objective: According to the importance of somatization disorder in women, this study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of attachment styles in relationship with temperament and character dimensions of personality and somatization disorder among female teachers in Kermanshah city.
Methods: The study population consisted of all female teachers working in Kermanshah educational system in 2013-2014. The sample population included 300 teachers who were allocated by multistep cluster sampling. They were asked to complete Cloninger Temperament and character Inventor Questionnaire (TCI), somatization questionnaire and Adult Attachment Styles Inventory Questionnaire (AII). The data analysis was done by correlation coefficient calculation and path analysis using SPSS 21.0 and Amos 18.0 software.
Results: Our findings showed that there was a significant correlation between anxiety and avoidance attachment styles and dimensions of personality with somatoform disorder. However, the relationship between safe attachment style and physical disorder was not significant.
Conclusion: Temperament and character dimensions of personality result in somatization disorder when the insecure internal models which are set according to the framework of mother-neonate attachment relationships had been formed.
Mehdi Agha Gholizadeh, Afsaneh Bazgir, Faezeh Sarvar, Zahra Pakzad,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (3-2019)
Abstract
Background: Disorders of sex development (DSD) are a medical condition that affects the normal process of sexual
Various of the genes needed for gonad development have been identified by investigation of patients with disorders sex development (DSD).Phenotypes of patients with 46,XY DSD range from atonalism in female phenotype with complete external genitalia to male phenotype with testicular regression. Individuals with 46,XYagonadiam show a wide range of clinical features and in some cases, there is not a clear diagnosis for this patients. We presented the clinical and molecular study a patient with 46,XY female without gonadal tissue.
Case presentation: A 27-year-old female was attended to our center because of primary amenorrhea. Ultrasonography did not show gonadal tissue including Mullerian structures, uterus, and Wolffian structures.
Also, the patient had not streak gonad. We performed cytogenetic study and molecular analysis, including automated sequencing of the entire coding region of SRY gene, in the patient with agonadism. Our result showed 46,XY karyotype. Also, we noticed that molecular mutations in SRY are not identified as a cause of DSD female without a gonadal tissue. Laboratory examination showed that this case is a unique patient with 46,XYfemale agonadism that has no association with previously described.
Conclusions: The present case was a patient with 46, XYagonadism without hormonal or kidney defect and we did not detect mutation in SRY gene. To our knowledge, this case is a unique patient with 46,XYagonadism that has no association with previously described. So this case would be helpful for clinicians to assess 46,XY female patients without gonadal tissue.
Elham Sharafi , Mehran Ghahramani , Mohammad Ghahramani ,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (12-2025)
Abstract
Background: Concurrent training, defined as the combination of endurance and resistance exercises within a short time frame, has recently gained significant attention in women due to its relevance for performance, health, and body composition. However, the unique hormonal characteristics of women may influence physiological adaptive responses and potentially modulate the degree of interference between strength and endurance adaptations.
Methods: This paper presents a narrative review with a systematic approach, conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was performed from each database’s inception until January 2025. English-language studies were included if they investigated concurrent resistance and endurance training in women, including randomized controlled trials, interventional studies, and observational studies reporting outcomes related to strength, endurance, hormonal responses, or interference effects. Studies focusing exclusively on hydration, nutrient timing, or unrelated performance modifiers were excluded. A total of 55 studies met the inclusion criteria. Due to methodological heterogeneity, meta-analysis was not feasible; therefore, findings were synthesized narratively across three predefined domains. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE framework.
Results: Across the included studies (n = 55), evidence of moderate certainty suggests that estrogen may attenuate muscle damage and modulate interference effects on strength adaptations, particularly in the follicular phase. However, evidence regarding luteal-phase recovery and progesterone-mediated effects remains limited and of low certainty. Endurance-dominant sequencing appears to increase AMPK activation, potentially inhibiting mTOR signaling, although findings are inconsistent. Overall, hormonal fluctuations may partially explain sex-specific responses to concurrent training.
Conclusion: Due to sex-specific physiological and hormonal characteristics, women exhibit distinct responses to concurrent training. Targeted manipulation of training variables according to menstrual cycle phase and the reduction of conflicting molecular signaling can mitigate interference effects and enhance performance.
